Analysis Of `` The Altruist Of Politics `` - 990 Words

Analysis of, â€Å"The Altruist in Politics† The benefits of communism have been debated for centuries. The underlining principle in communism is altruism. Benjamin Cardozo explains why altruism and communism will never be successful in reality. In Cardozo’s essay â€Å"The Altruist in Politics†, he explains that socialism will never work due to the fact it relies on altruism; although his argument is a strong one in the sense that he is passionate about his opinion and provides supporting evidence, it is problematic because of the false claims and never fully explaining why people are drawn to socialism if it is deficient. Benjamin Cardozo has a strong argumentative essay against the idea of altruism. Cardozo’s central claim is if people allow altruism to be practiced in government then they will lose their individualism and their government would eventually collapse. To being his article Cardozo explains how the lower class will always dislike the upper class and that is the reason altruism has been a topic of discussion for centuries. Cardozo then proceeds to explain how the world is driven by self interest. The reason things get accomplished by people is for the reason of self interest. Cardozo explains that altruism would kill the idea of self interest and people would be less likely to be productive. Next Cardozo describes how altruism would make all people poor which would give the illusion that no one was actually poor. Cardozo then goes on to ask the question of how altruismShow MoreRelatedWestern states and Security Concerns1438 Words   |  6 PagesRealism philosophers such as Glaser affirm that, ‘the international system is anarchic –there is not an international authority that can enforce agreements and prevent the use of force’ . This assertion facilitates the analysis and understanding of the role that each state ought to adopt to survive in a world where the lack of authority at the highest level primes. Furthermore, such anarchism promotes the individual strengthening of the states, which in turn, are compelled to accumulate sufficientRead MoreAn Interpretation of Graham Greenes The Quiet American1373 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout much of his involvement in this novel which is fairly substantial it becomes clearer that for the most part the young man actually is well-intentioned, and perhaps even a victim of circumstance: something that happens to the innocent. An analysis of Pyles wooing of Phuong, a young Vietnamese woman, from her substantially older lover Thomas Fowler, certainly demonstrates a candidness and honor that is not c haracteristic of a corrupt individual. Fowler was married to another, is only in VietnamRead MoreDo Muslim Women Need Saving?1484 Words   |  6 Pagesexpress piety/virtue or belonging to a household. This exact worrisome practice of colonial feminism focuses more on the religious and cultural practices that persecute women, rather than more destructive issues like poverty, illness, malnutrition, politics, or lack of education. In Chapter 2 we ask whether an IslamLand exists and how this issue of going to war to protect Middle Eastern women has taken hold. The first is easy to answer: Muslim women’s lives are too diverse to condense down to one religionRead MoreEssay on Altruism: Our Desire to Help Others2507 Words   |  11 PagesChicago, he eventually obtained a doctorate degree in chemistry. Price worked on the Manhattan project, a program during World War I focusing on building an atomic bomb. He later went on to work in various fields such as computer science, psychology, politics, and eventually moved to London where he discovered his love for evolutionary studies. He delved himself in the concept of altruism and kin selection. He eventually created an equation for this concept of selfishness versus altruism. Called the covarianceRead MoreThe Nature Nurture Controversy : 20th Century Present3499 Words   |  14 Pages 2008). Aside from Watson, one of the most recognized behavioural psychologists is B.F. Skinner (1904-1990). Skinner believed that our environment completely determines what we do. Understanding the factors that determine behaviour requires and analysis of the effects of the environment. In the 1940s, Skinner endeavoured to explain the causes of behaviour by cataloguing and describing the relationships between events in the environment (stimuli), a person’s reactions (responses), and the establishingRead More Discuss the similarities and differences between ?new terrorism? and the more traditional model of ?old terrorism?1871 Words   |  8 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Better financed, trained and in pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction The â€Å"old† or â€Å"traditional† terrorists used terrorism as a tool in pursuit of very traditional goals that could be understood within the arena of normal politics, even if their tactics had left this arena. It was one tool attached to an overall strategy, and it was a tightly controlled tool. In the past, terrorism was ideological (and still is today, if we remember about political Islam ). But under theRead MoreNew Versus Traditional Terrorism: Similarities and Differences1920 Words   |  8 Pagesconventional weapons Better financed, trained and in pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction The old or traditional terrorists used terrorism as a tool in pursuit of very traditional goals that could be understood within the arena of normal politics, even if their tactics had left this arena. It was one tool attached to an overall strategy, and it was a tightly controlled tool. In the past, terrorism was ideological (and still is today, if we remember about political Islam ). But under theRead MoreEssay on The Joy of Intolerance4723 Words   |  19 Pagesinto primitive, that is resulting from uncontrolled submission to degenerated instinctive aspirations (it requires pointing out that these instinctive tendencies guiding our valuation do not have to be always wrong since there are so-called natural altruists for whom thinking about their own interests before considering others is inconceivable ) and intellectual, that is based on specific argumentation which is to justify our unfavourable evaluation of others and at the same time a lack of toleranceRead MoreProfessional Ethics10396 Words   |  42 Pagesremaining 10%.  Ã‚   Intellectuals who study the free society have, in the fields of economics and politics, a good understanding of what makes this possible: individualism. In economics there exists a well worked out understanding of how, starting with autonomous individuals engaging in voluntary transactions, goods, services, and information flow efficiently to where they are needed. In politics there exists a good understanding of how protecting individual rights and limiting government powerRead MoreNegotiation: Game Theory and Games13514 Words   |  55 Pagestheory Last updated 9 months ago The foundations of negotiation theory are decision analysis, behavioral decision making, game theory, and negotiation analysis. Another classification of theories distinguishes between Structural Analysis, Strategic Analysis, Process Analysis, Integrative Analysis and behavioral analysis of negotiations. Individuals should make separate, interactive decisions; and negotiation analysis considers how groups of reasonably bright individuals should and could make joint

Logistics Behind US Federal Regulations

Federal regulations are specific details directives or requirements with the force of law enacted by the federal agencies necessary to enforce the legislative acts passed by Congress. The Clean Air Act, the Food and Drug Act, the Civil Rights Act are all examples of landmark legislation requiring months, even years of highly publicized planning, debate, compromise and reconciliation in Congress. Yet the work of creating the vast and ever-growing volumes of federal regulations, the real laws behind the acts, happens largely unnoticed in the offices of the government agencies rather than the halls of Congress. Regulatory Federal Agencies Agencies, like the FDA, EPA, OSHA and at least 50 others, are called regulatory agencies  because they are empowered to create and enforce rules -- regulations -- that carry the full force of law. Individuals, businesses, and private and public organizations can be fined, sanctioned, forced to close, and even jailed for violating federal regulations. The oldest Federal regulatory agency still in existence is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, established in 1863 to charter and regulate national banks. The  Federal Rulemaking Process The process of creating and enacting federal regulations is generally referred to as the rulemaking process. First, Congress passes a law designed to address a social or economic need or problem. The appropriate regulatory agency then creates regulations necessary to implement the law. For example, the Food and Drug Administration creates its regulations under the authority of the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act, the Controlled Substances Act and several other acts created by Congress over the years. Acts such as these are known as enabling legislation, because the literally enable the regulatory agencies to create the regulations required to administer enforce them. The Rules of Rulemaking Regulatory agencies create regulations according to rules and processes defined by another law known as the Administration Procedure Act (APA). The APA defines a rule or regulation as... [T]he whole or a part of an agency statement of general or particular applicability and future effect designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy or describing the organization, procedure, or practice requirements of an agency. The APA defines rulemaking as†¦ [A]gency action which regulates the future conduct of either groups of persons or a single person; it is essentially legislative in nature, not only because it operates in the future but because it is primarily concerned with policy considerations. Under the APA, the agencies must publish all proposed new regulations in the Federal Register at least 30 days before they take effect, and they must provide a way for interested parties to comment, offer amendments, or object to the regulation. Some regulations require only publication and an opportunity for comments to become effective. Others require publication and one or more formal public hearings. The enabling legislation states which process is to be used in creating the regulations. Regulations requiring hearings can take several months to become final. New regulations or amendments to existing regulations are known as proposed rules. Notices of public hearings or requests for comments on proposed rules are published in the Federal Register, on the Web sites of the regulatory agencies and in many newspapers and other publications. The notices will include information on how to submit comments, or participate in public hearings on the proposed rule. Once a regulation takes effect, it becomes a final rule and is printed in the Federal Register, the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and usually posted on the Web site of the regulatory agency. Type and Number of Federal Regulations In the Office of Management and Budgets (OMB) 2000 Report to Congress on the Costs and Benefits of Federal Regulations, OMB defines the three widely recognized categories of federal regulations as: social, economic, and process. Social regulations: seek  to benefit the public interest in one of two ways. It prohibits firms from producing products in certain ways or with certain characteristics that are harmful to public interests such as health, safety, and the environment. Examples would be OSHA’s rule prohibiting firms from allowing in the workplace more than one part per million of Benzene averaged over an eight hour day and the Department of Energy’s rule prohibiting firms from selling refrigerators that do not meet certain energy efficiency standards. Social regulation also requires firms to produce products in certain ways or with certain characteristics that are beneficial to these public interests. Examples are the Food and Drug Administration’s requirement that firms selling food products must provide a label with specified information on its package and Department of Transportation’s requirement that automobiles be equipped with approved airbags. Economic regulations: prohibit  firms from charging prices or entering or exiting lines of business that might cause harm to the economic interests of other firms or economic groups. Such regulations usually apply on an industry-wide basis (for example, agriculture, trucking, or communications). In the United States, this type of regulation at the federal level has often been administered by independent commissions such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). This type of regulation can cause economic loss from the higher prices and inefficient operations that often occur when the competition is restrained. Process Regulations: impose administrative or paperwork requirements such as income tax, immigration, social security, food stamps, or procurement forms. Most costs to businesses resulting from program administration, government procurement, and tax compliance efforts. Social and economic regulation may also impose paperwork costs due to disclosure requirements and enforcement needs. These costs generally appear in the cost for such rules. Procurement costs generally show up in the federal budget as greater fiscal expenditures. How Many Federal Regulations are There? According to the Office of the Federal Register, in 1998, the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the official listing of all regulations in effect, contained a total of 134,723 pages in 201 volumes that claimed 19 feet of shelf space. In 1970, the CFR totaled only 54,834 pages. The General Accountability Office (GAO) reports that in the four fiscal years from 1996 to 1999, a total of 15,286 new federal regulations went into effect. Of these, 222 were classified as major rules, each one having an annual effect on the economy of at least $100 million. While they call the process rulemaking, the regulatory agencies create and enforce rules that are truly laws, many with the potential to profoundly affect the lives and livelihoods of millions of Americans. What controls and oversight are placed on the regulatory agencies in creating federal regulations? Control of the Regulatory Process Federal regulations created by the regulatory agencies are subject to review by both the president and Congress under Executive Order 12866 and the Congressional Review Act. The Congressional Review Act (CRA) represents an attempt by Congress to re-establish some control over the agency rulemaking process. Executive Order 12866, issued on Sept. 30, 1993, by President Clinton, stipulates steps that must be followed by executive branch agencies before regulations issued by them are allowed to take effect. For all regulations, a detailed cost-benefit analysis must be performed. Regulations with an estimated cost of $100 million or more are designated major rules, and require completion of a more detailed Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA). The RIA must justify the cost of the new regulation and must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) before the regulation can take effect. Executive Order 12866 also requires all regulatory agencies to prepare and submit to OMB annual plans to establish regulatory priorities and improve coordination of the Administrations regulatory program. While some requirements of Executive Order 12866 apply only to executive branch agencies, all federal regulatory agencies fall under the controls of the Congressional Review Act. The Congressional Review Act (CRA) allows Congress 60 in-session days to review and possibly reject new federal regulations issued by the regulatory agencies. Under the CRA, the regulatory agencies are required to submit all new rules the leaders of both the House and Senate. In addition, the General Accounting Office (GAO) provides to those congressional committees related to the new regulation, a detailed report on each new major rule.

Racial Profiling Is A Breach Of Justice - 1491 Words

Racial profiling is considered to be a breach of justice in the US. It is the use of someone’s race or ethnicity by law enforcement in deciding whether or not to stop, search, or arrest an individual. The practice of racial profiling is still very controversial today and is considered illegal in many jurisdictions. It is hard to say whether racial profiling is ethical or not. Profiling based on gender, race, or ethnicity is just the way our minds work; it’s natural. We create ‘profiles’ of how we expect things to be by quickly recalling our past experiences. We know that not every experience will fit into the profiles we make in our heads- but a lot of them do. Whether we like it or not, racial profiling has a place in today’s society in regards to crime solving and prevention. One of the most common racial profiles is of African Americans being more likely to commit crimes. This is a great example of a profile created over time due to facts and past experiences. â€Å"If we look at the number of homicides committed in the United States between 1974 and 2004, 52% of offenders were black and 46% were white.† (Threatcore, March 28, 2011, p. 1) Seems equal, right? However, blacks made up only 12% of the population at this time while whites made up 80%. Racial profiling doesn’t just apply to African Americans. For example, do we assume that every Arab is a terrorist? Since 9/11, Muslims and people of Arab descent have become targets through forms of racial profiling. On DecemberShow MoreRelatedRacism In Racism1248 Words   |  5 PagesWe all read a large amount of literature in our lifetime,e and treatment with racism in the criminal justice system. Throughout the novel we are shown the issues of death penalty, racial profiling, inequality, menta l illnese to empathize the correuption many people throughout the united states are either not awareabout or simply turn a blind eye to because they don’t have to face the injustice. When reading this novel my attention was directly drawn to the racism many people go through whe it comesRead MoreRacial Profiling And Law Enforcement1770 Words   |  8 Pages1 March 2015 Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement The topic racial profiling is an ongoing debate that is currently being argued in America. Before being able to help understand the faults of racial profiling, one must know what it is. According to the National Institute of Justice, racial profiling in law enforcement â€Å"is commonly defined as a practice that targets people for suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (â€Å"Racial Profiling†). Racial brutality tendsRead MoreGenetic Profiling: Legal Studies1907 Words   |  8 PagesGenetic Profiling Genetic profiling is a contemporary issue relating to the individual and technology which restricts access to unbiased decisions and privacy. Genetic profiling interferes with the individuals bodily, genetic and behavioural privacy, as it can be used for the benefit of identifying bodies to using the results of a DNA test to choose whether to employ one individual over another, due to future concerns. It can easily be argued that genetic profiling is in the need of law reformRead MoreEthics Of The Chief Of Police1360 Words   |  6 Pagescorruption in the city ought to be addressed to reaffirm faith in the Smallville citizens in the police department. The Smallville police department is here to protect and serve people in a given residential area but with corruption speculation there is a breach between the police department and the citizens. There have been numerous hypotheses that in that respect are some council members who have maintained illegal relationships and corruption with high ranking officers of the police department. In decreeRead MoreSummary Of Raymond Bonners Anatomy Of Injustice1546 Words   |  7 PagesBonner’s Anatomy of Injustice. It was published in 2012 in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House Inc. I thoroughly enjoyed this book. It goes into the profound problems with the Death Penalty in criminal justice. Such as incompetent lawyers, racial profiling, and wrongful convictions. In particular, the Case of Edward Lee Elmore. In January 1982, a white South Carolina widow named Dorothy Edwards was found dead in the closet of her bedroom in Greenwood. The crime shockedRead MoreChicano ( A ) Studies 2601212 Words   |  5 Pagesor ancestry of that person.† In this case, the court ruled that Mitchell’s first amendment was not violated because the state was punishing conduct and not expression. His sentence was enhanced because of the racial profiling of the victim, not because of his expression. One of the justices explained that †¦a physical assault is not by any stretch of the imagination expressive conduct protected by the first amendment. The main difference between these cases is that in R.A.V, expression was beingRead MoreRacial Inequalities Of The United States2407 Words   |  10 Pagesculture. Cinematic creations in the United States allow small voices to be heard and controversial issues to be addressed. However, a repetitive and monumental issue continues to be addressed, y et continues to persist in our 21st century culture, racial inequalities. Since the inception of the United States, black men and women alike have been disenfranchised at the hands of the â€Å"white man† in America. Instead of continuing the conversation today, the issue is continually silenced referencing theRead MoreEssay on Japanese Internment After Pearl Harbor2441 Words   |  10 PagesAnti-Japanese legislation. 6 The outbreak of war coupled with the aggression of the Japanese Government in China and Manchuria, once again led to resentment against Japanese living in America. This continued through the years of depression. Apart from racial prejudice, discriminatory measures were adopted by the Government to curb their economic advancement. Japanese immigrants were denied American citizenship. They could only purchase inferior land in the names of their citizen offspring. With theirRead MoreThe Origin, Development and Significance of Human Rights10255 Words   |  42 Pagesthat have yet to receive conclusive answers are the following: whether human rights are to be viewed as divine, moral, or legal entitlements; whether they are to be validated by intuition, culture, custom, social contract, principles of distributive justice, or as prerequisites for happiness; whether they are to be understood as irrevocable or partially revocable; and whether they are to be broad or limited in number and content. THE CONTENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: THREE GENERATIONS OF RIGHTS Like all normativeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesTheory 205 †¢ McClelland’s Theory of Needs 207 Contemporary Theories of Motivation 208 Self-Determination Theory 208 †¢ Job Engagement 211 †¢ Goal-Setting Theory 212 †¢ Self-Efficacy Theory 215 †¢ Reinforcement Theory 218 †¢ Equity Theory/Organizational Justice 219 †¢ Expectancy Theory 224 Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation 226 Summary and Implications for Managers 228 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Confident Am I in My Abilities to Succeed? 202 Myth or Science? â€Å"The Support of Others

African Americans in Prison and the Jim Crow Laws Essay

The United States has the biggest prison and jail population in the world not only by population, but also by sheer numbers. Many of these offenders are behind bars for nonviolent drug crimes and statistically more of those non-violent offenders are African American. African Americans are 13% of the United States Population but make up over 40% of the current jail and prison population. A black man is five times more likely to be convicted of a crime than a white man in the United States. How far have we really come sinse the Jim Crow laws? During the Jim Crow Era African-Americans in some states were treated as second-class citizens in every aspect of life from how they interact with White Americans to not having the right to vote. Many†¦show more content†¦Being a Criminal Justice major myself I am always looking expanded my horizon on current issues in Criminal Justice, so I decided to change my research question to reflect a more focused interest. Pilgrim (2012) was used as background information for Jim Crow laws, this article was a clear breakdown of the laws and how they were used to keep African-Americans lower than White-Americans. Keeping African-Americans lower in class is how Alexander (2010) linked the current Criminal Justice system to these laws. Forman (2010) believed that these links were of a stretch because African-Americans during the Jim Crow era did not make a choice to be African American, but criminals made the decision to commit the crime. Contrary to every other citation I have Cited, the main topic in Pilgrim (2012) is not the Criminal Justice system. It is only mentioned briefly in regards to many Jim Crow laws being settled by lynch mobs instead of police and that many police participated in these mobs. Schrantz, McElroy and Nellis (2008), Weich and Angulo (2006) and Hartney and Vuong (2009) all are very similar in topic. They all discuss the racial disparity in the modern day criminal Justice system.Show MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to theRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIncarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison population (Holland 1), â€Å"ifRead MoreThe New Jim Crow?919 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States would agree that the prison system in the U.S. needs to be amended, do they see the prison system as a way to enforce the racial caste system? At first Michelle Alexander, the author of The New Jim Crow, did not see the prison systems as racially motivated until doing further research. After researching the issue, Alexander found the prison system was a way to oppress African Americans and wrote the novel The New Jim Crow. The New Ji m Crow follows the history of the racial casteRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1081 Words   |  5 Pages Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness outlines how the criminal justice system has systematically designed new methods of discriminating against African Americans. The book advocates for racial justice, specifically, for African Americans and contends they [African Americans] were targeted and subsequently incarcerated, by white voters and public officials, through the War on Drugs campaign. President Reagan and his Administration exploited racialRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Law1014 Words   |  5 Pagesa net of laws, policies, and rules that equates to the American criminal justice system. This series of principles of our legal system works as an entrance to a lifelong position of lower status, with no hope of advancement. Mass incarceration follows those who are released from prison through exclusion and leg alized discrimination, hidden within America. The New Jim Crow is a modernized version of the original Jim Crow Laws. It is a modern racial caste system designed to keep American black menRead More The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and legal scholar. The book discusses race-related issues specific to African-American males and mass incarceration in the United States. Michelle Alexander (2010) argues that despite the old Jim Crow is death, does not necessarily means the end of racial caste (p.21). In her book â€Å"The New Jim Crow†, Alexander describes a set of practices and social discourses that serve toRead More Employment Discrimination Against Black Felons: The New Jim Crow Era1242 Words   |  5 Pagesand offenders that are out of prison in a similar manner to how pe ople were treated in the Jim Crow era. One example of the new Jim Crow Era is Sonya Jennings. Sonya is a felon as well as an African American mother. She was given an eight years probation after being arrested for possession of narcotics. Since Sonya is now tagged as a felon, she does not have the right to vote, she cannot receive public welfare, and she faces job discrimination (Alexander). The Jim Crow system has been planned in AmericaRead MoreThe Middle Age African American Man1285 Words   |  6 Pages- a middle-age African-American man is not eligible to vote. This man’s father, grandfather, great-grandfather, and great-great grandfather shared the same misfortune during their lifetime. The original patriarch could not vote as a slave, his son was beaten by the Ku Klux Klan for trying to vote, the grandson was intimidated by the Ku Klux Klan for trying to vote, and the great-grandson was prohibited from voting by poll taxes and literacy tests. The middle-age Africa n-American man cannot voteRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Laws1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book the New Jim Crow Laws there is racial discrimination on the African American people in the American society. What is racial discrimination? It is refusing somebody based on race. In the United States we have been racial discriminate on the African American people and that is what cause the south and north to go civil wat was because slavery and racism that existed and even still to this day. In the south the black were less and treated unequal to them historically even today were are

Idioms Denoting Parts of Body Essay Example For Students

Idioms Denoting Parts of Body Essay They exist in association in language and make up a giant network with many interconnection and association among the various subparts. A good example of this interconnection involves metaphor. Metaphor is used in the literary or poetic language. It is also widely used in every day conversational language. It is obvious that metaphor is utilized to express ideas sensibly and vividly as it has great expressive power. It is capable of conveying more of the human feeling, emotion or attitude toward What is said rather than the non-metaphorical or direct way Of expression. The more developed the society is, the more necessary the need Of communication becomes; especially in the process of globalization, the immunization has spread beyond the boundary of a country. Together with the development of the society in the era of integration, language has been clearly recognized as a very important tool in communication with many purposes. Language can be used to show ones feeling, attitude, and evaluation. And through communicating, reading newspapers etc. , I realize that people often use words, phrases denoting human body to show their feeling, emotion. In our daily elite, we can easily recognize words denoting our body parts used plentifully, not only individual words but also word combinations containing more than one human body part. Regarding to word groups denoting human body parts, their meanings are not the combination of each words meaning only, in some cases, their meanings are quite different from the original meaning. Learning of idioms is important, especially for the foreigner learners. Idioms correspond to a valuable vein in English language, so they need for explanation. Idioms are fixed expressions whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of its components. Learners of English must be aware that the meaning cannot be taken as a combination Of words Which the idiom consist Of. Also behavior of idioms in sentences is different. One cannot understand literally the meaning Of an idiom. Sometimes it seems that it has no sense or it is illogical. Idioms cannot be changed; especially one cannot use related words when the idiom is concerned. Many of them cannot be used in passive form. The structure of idioms is extraordinary. That is why learners of English must know that the most important thing is not learning idioms by rote, but learning how to use them. If speaker of English knows a lot of idioms and he can use them in a right context, he will be able to communicate more easily. Idiomatic expressions are phrases which use language in a non-literal way, This is why interpretation of idioms is very hard. Idioms are group of words, phrases that meaning cannot be concluded from the individual words, Every idiom has a deeper, metaphorical meaning. Idioms are very important in life because it is impossible to speak, read, write and listen to English without knowing idiomatic expressions. Native speakers of English feel more comfortable using idiomatic phrases; however, non-native speakers can be frustrated because the true meaning of an idiom is not always clear. One should remember that idioms can be used when every speaker master a language completely. Nowadays, idioms are essential elements that enrich the language. However, one should remember that speech which is overloaded with idioms loses its originality. On the other hand, lack of idioms make that oral or written speech loses much in its expressiveness. A large number of phrases and sentences in the English language are related to body parts. Some Of them are descriptive While Others, elusive. Their origins are dated from Biblical times to the recent days. Each generation adds new idiomatic expressions which are connected with their culture. The meaning of idiomatic expressions is indefinable. They show that adaptors are very important in our lives and that we do not look at things in the way they are in reality, but rather we perceive them through our understanding and our experience of the world. The present thesis is an attempt at an analysis of English idioms with a body component. Its goal is to study and present the nature tot idioms, their connection with culture and context. It is common knowledge that one of the most important functions of language is to name the world or express human thoughts through a system of concepts. They exist in association in language and make up a giant network with many interconnection and association among the various subparts. A good example of this interconnection involves metaphor. Metaphor is used in the literary or poetic language. It is also widely used in every day conversational language. It is obvious that metaphor is utilized to express ideas sensibly and vividly as it has great expressive power. It is capable of conveying more of the human feeling, emotion or attitude toward what is said rather than the non-metaphorical or direct way Of expression. Achilles heel: the only vulnerable spot in a person or thing that is thinness strong a serious or fatal weakness/ fault After ones own heart = to like someone cause Of similar interests An eye for an eye (and a tooth for a tooth): retaliation/ retribution in kind, a punishment that is as cruel as the crime An eye opener a surprise; a startling or enlightening experience Armed to the teeth heavily armed Behind ones back when one is not present Blue blood = having the qualities of being of noble birth Cant put ones finger on cant locate immediately, cant find the answer Cant see beyond the end of ones nose = limited vision concerning decisions of the future Crocodile tears false tears, pretended greet Face to face/ eyeball-to-eyeball = confronting each other Foul mouth = a user of profanity Hand in hand? in close association Hands are tied = restrained from acting Heart-to-heart intimate speaking freely and seriously about a private subject I could have bitten my tongue off= sorry you said something In one ear and out the other does not heed or pay attention Its in your hands = it is your responsibility On the tip Of Ones tongue: at the point Of telling or recalling One foot in the grave = old and decrepit Over ones dead body: against ones strong opposition Right-hand man= chief assistant TO (not) lift a ringer: not to help in the slightest degree To be all ears = to listen attentively To be loose-tongued to talk too much To be up to ones ears = immersed in, caught in To break someones heart cause great sorrow, disappoint someone To breathe down someone neck = to follow someone closely in pursuit, the action of a superior who is looking for something wrong or watching someone very closely To bury ones head in the sand = to refuse to acce pt facts To catch ones breath to rest to regain normal breathing To cry on someones shoulder to go to Sorenson to talk to about a problem To foam/ froth at the mouth= to be very angry To force ones hand = make one reveal his plans To get ones hands on= obtain To get out of hand= become uncontrollable To get through ones head= to understand or believe To give ones right arm make a big sacrifice; give something of great value To give someone a hand= help, assistance To go to ones head? cause dizziness To have a big mouth= to talk too much To have a sharp tongue= harsh or sarcastic in speech To have an eagle eye= to have an excellent eyesight 1. 1 Aim Idiomatic Phrases For the first time the term phraseology appeared in 16th century and it meant style or vocabulary. In 18th century it got terminological meaning such as a group of word units. At the same time in most of European languages phraseology meant empty words. New linguistic branch phraseology developed in 20th century, mostly in East Europe. The forerunner of phraseology was Charles. Bally, Swiss linguist. He used the term phraseology when he wrote about different types degree of stability from free word-groups of word-groups which differ in to phraseologies units, The study on phraseology was developed by Russian linguists AAA Shampoo and AD. Boliviano. M. Treacheries (1 991 :448) claims that linguists became aware of the existence in the language of special larger-than-words units: rod-groups consisting of two or more words whose combination is integrated as a unit with a specialized meaning linguists made an attempt to study various of the whole Russian word-groups on a scientific basis. They pointed out the need to establish a new branch of linguistics that would study unusual feature Of word-groups. In linguistics, phraseology is a term used for describing the context in which a word is used. The term also describes various structural and semantic types Of phrases characterized by different degrees of idiomatic in given language. It includes typical sequences such as idioms, phrasal verbs, multiword unit and allocations. Phraseology the words and phrases used in particular profession or activity something or a particular way of putting words together to express (Macmillan English Dictionary 2007:11 19) Phraseology studies compound meaning of two or more words e. G. Like a knife through butter. In this excerpt, from Civil Disobedience, Thoreau EssayIt is difficult to learn them. Idioms can change their meaning during period of time or simple phrase can transform into idiom and get deeper meaning as it was With kick the bucket. Learners of foreign language have to learn idioms as a single with their meaning. It is essential to master the rules Of their use in sentences. They are strict in their structure and they do not allow the word order to change. A earner must know how to use an idiom in the correct way. Idioms are not separate part of language, but they are very important part of lexicon. Languages contain a large number of idioms and sometimes native speakers use them in the unconscious way. There are many problems with idioms. The main problem is that it is not usually possible to translate them literally. There are exceptions, for instance, take the bull by the horns can be translated literally into Polish as whiz © back AZ rig, which has the same meaning. Mostly, the use of normal rules in order Idioms have to be treated to translate idioms will result in illogical phrases, s single units in translation. There are idioms which are frozen, It means that an idiom appears tort and in the same order (e. G. For good forever). But, there in the same is problem with idioms which change the form of the verb, which varies according to tense, person and number. For example, kick the bucket (to die) one gets she kicks/ kicked/will kick the bucket, Some people have problem with recognizing idioms because they behave like a simple sentence. One can think that the person really kicks the bucket and he does not imagine himself that The interpretation of idioms for one can be surprising. Cosines idioms Which hue frozen forms. Idioms pragmatics and context the person died. It is better to Pragmatics the study Of the way in Which language is used to express what somebody really means in particular situations, especially when the actual words used may appear to mean something different. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English 2000:1031). Pragmatics is involved with the comprehension process. The ability to understand another speakers aim is called pragmatic competence, It is a linguistic study of the way in which people use language to achieve different goals. Suppose a person wanted to ask omen else to reveal a secret. These could be achieved in the different ways. The person could simply say do not tell a secret, please which is direct and with clear meaning. Alternatively the person could say do not spill the beans, which implies a similar meaning but is indirect and therefore requires pragmatic competence, Idioms play very important role in those studies. Because idioms have general meaning they are rather used to express attitude then give specific information. They are used to express approval or disapproval and admiration or criticism. According to Collins Cowbird Dictionary of Idioms (1995) idioms moieties have connotations and pragmatic meaning which are not always obvious to people who do not know the meaning and then the meaning of the expression can be missed. It may happen that somebody can use an idiom and do not realize that it can be interpreted as critical or disapproving. It can cause wrong reaction of the person they are talking to. The most challenging aspects for language learners Pragmatics is one of to comprehend, and can be learned by experience. The interpretation Of What speaker wanted to say using particular words is often influenced by factors such as listeners assumption or the context. In pragmatics two contexts can be distinguished: linguistic context (is the set of words that surround the lexical item) and physical context (is the location Of given words, the situation in Which the word is used, as well as timing, all of them lead to proper understanding of the words). 12 Practical value When we use idioms? According to Sells and McBride (1988) one should know in which situations it is correct to use idiom and weather an idiom can be used in a formal or an informal situation. English native speakers use idioms all the time, and they often do it in an unconscious way, This means that the communication tit them can be very difficult. They use idioms to express something that other words do not express as clearly or as cleverly, the person who is speaking, Of course choice of words depends on on the situation and the place. If people are friends and they are talking in private there is no reason to avoid using idioms, slang or jargon. But, if in the same situation one of speakers is foreigner they should not use idioms until this person Will master the language completely. Learning idioms cause a lot of troubles to English learners because they do not know the culture and history behind the idioms. That is ay they often use idioms inappropriately. Learners use idiomatic expressions carefully because they are afraid Of using them incorrectly. In formal situations. It means when one is talking with a stranger or speaks publicly than one should shun idioms. Sing idioms one should know Whether an idiom is appropriate in certain situation. When idioms are used judiciously, they can even improve the atmosphere of ones f ormal writing and provide more interesting descriptions, But when one uses too many idioms, he will damage his work and it will create a wrong impression. Learners of foreign language should know hat they cannot translate idioms exactly because they achieve ridiculous effect. The results towering

Concept of Organizational Changes †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Organizational Changes. Answer: Introduction Organizational change managementhighlights on the framework that involves in managing the new changes in the culture and structure of the organization. This study deals with the impact of the organizational changes on the contemporary organizations and the potential factors for which thechange management program fails within the organization. Concept of organizational changes Organizational changes refer to the changes in the existing strategy, technologies, structure, culture and the operational method. However, changes can be taken place through a continuous process or for the distinct period of time. According to the failure induced change theory, an organization incorporates new strategy in their existing system while they fail to fulfill their business objectives. Programs, routine and the standard procedures are considered as the base of a stable organization. However, if such standards are changed then organizational changes take place (Mees, McMurray, Chhetri, 2016). According to the dynamic capabilities model, standard process and routine facilitate the organizational change. In order to enhance the productivity and achieve the competitive advantages, the old strategies and the operation process need to be updated. On the other hand, in order to develop the skills of the employees and for the fast operation technological changes are required within such organization (Voet Vermeeren, 2017). Importance of the organizational changes in context of contemporary organizations Issues related to workforce management, talent management and the establishment of communication often occur in the contemporary organization as the contemporary organization includes matrix structure, various teams, project structure and so on. In order to manage the workforce and establishment of the better communication in matrix structure changes are necessary for the contemporary organizations. However, proper training should be provided to the employees in order to develop their technical skills as the incorporation of modern technology is crucial in the traditional operating system to maximize the productivity(Mills, 2017). Implementation of different languages within the working culture will enable the organizations to develop their communication process in the matrix structure, which empowers the employees in the decision making. This will lead the organization to engulf the growth opportunity by developing the good relationship with their employees. Changes allow the organizations to achieve the competitive advantages by minimizing their struggle and leading the organization to the progress. Customer satisfaction is another opportunity for the organization that can be achieved through implementing changes as the use of advanced technology enables the consumers to make the direct connection with the organization through internet, this is crucial to express their feedbacks and needs regarding the product or service of an organization (Burke, 2017). Identifications of the reasons for which the change programs are failed within the organization Organizational changes are failed sometimes or remain under achieve as different factors influence negatively thechange management program. Poor planning that affects the success of the implemented changes based on the organizational goal. However, if there is poor communication between the stakeholders then their decision making regarding the changes is affected. Next due to lack of clear performance, focus and skills the implemented changes are destroyed as a result the organization are affected (Creasey, Jamieson, Severini, 2016). As for example, Steven Sasson the Kodak engineer introduced first digital camera in the year 1975. However, when the company started to incorporate digital strategy in their business it was too late as a result in the year 2000 this strategy was completely failed and the company was affected badly (Sultan Bunt-Kokhuis, 2012). Kodak did not innovate the marketing and design strategy despite they had used innovation pyramid framework, which led them towards the disruption. Hence it can be said that there was the lack of proper planning while implementing the changes, as a result, the changes are failed to get success in the context of Kodak. Discussion of the other reasons for the failure of change management Inadequate leadership, inappropriate changing criteria, and winning strategy are the other vital reasons of the failure of changemanagement within an organization. However, if the organization succeed through their strategy then over confidence grows, which affects the success of change management as the organization is distracted from their goal. On the other hand, inadequate leadership and poor changing criteria hamper the implementation of change management as it develops an unclear vision regarding the changes to the stakeholders. As for example, unfreeze, movement and refreeze are the three steps of change management. Hence, British Airway faced the issue in the unfreeze stage as it started a long cost cutting process without identifying the issues that caused huge employee turnover. However, the vision regarding such changes was not clear and the leadership was inadequate as they failed to motivate the employees. As a result, the employees left the organization and the change m anagement strategy was failed (Mills, 2017). Conclusion The entire study focuses on the different aspects of change management and its advantages and reasons of failure with proper case studies. It can be concluded that if the goal of the organization is not clear regarding a change in the existing system then it will be difficult for the organization to achieve success. References Burke. (2017). Organization change: Theory and practice. London: Sage Publications. Creasey, Jamieson, Severini, R. . (2016). Exploring the relationship between organization development and change management. Leading Transformation and Change, 330-337. Mees, McMurray, Chhetri, . (2016). Organisational resilience and emergency management. Australian journal of emergency management, 38. Mills. (2017). The Case of British Airways. London: Emerald Publishing Limited. Sultan, Bunt-Kokhuis, . v. (2012). Organisational culture and cloud computing. Technology Analysis Strategic Management, 167-179. Voet, V. d., Vermeeren, . (2017). The American Review of Public Administration. Journal of Marketing, 230-252.

Progress in Dementia Essay Example For Students

Progress in Dementia Essay English 102-53February 10, 2004The death of Miss Emily Grierson, is from Dementia. Everybody inthe community has to come visit her at death, the men, through a sort ofrespectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out ofcuriosity to see the inside of her house, which no one, save and oldmanservant a combined gardener and cook had seen in at least ten years(622). In A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner traces Miss Emilysincreasing dementia and foreshadows the surprise ending. Unquestionably, there are the townspeople that have always perceivedthe Grierson family. We had long thought of them as tableau, Miss Emilya slender figure in white, as contrasted with her father who described asa spraddled silhouette (624). When her father dies and leaves herpenniless, people are glad they can pity her. The unemotional Miss Emilyclings to her father for three days. she broke down, and they buried herfather quickly (624).The townspeople did say she is crazy then; theybelieve she is in denial. For a long period after her fathers death, MissEmily is sick and remains in solitude. During the summer after herfathers death, she is now seen by the townspeople with a Yankee daylaborer driving the yellow-buggy every Sunday afternoon. The oldertownspeople think that even with Miss Emilys grief, she cannot forget thatshe has come from a family of a higher social position than to date anorthern Yankee. Still, the townspeople say Poor Emily (625). Declaringher fallen from the hig h Grierson perch. After, Miss Emily appears to come out of solitude. She is describedas a slight woman, thought thinner than usual, with cold, haughty blackeyes in a face the flesh of which was strained across the temples and aboutthe eye-sockets as imagine a lighthouse-keepers face ought to look(625). Then, she goes to the town druggist to buy poison, the best arsenic (625). With the druggist thinking she is going to end hermiserable life, he gives her the poison. Instead, Homer disappears fromtown, returning only once and then is visually seen by a neighbor admittedthrough the kitchen door. After Homers disappearance, Miss Emily returns to solitude where herfinal images appear in one of the downstairs window. After her burial, thetownspeople enter her home and find that she had boarded the top floor ofher house. Like the carven torso of an idol in a niche, looking or notlooking at us, we could never tell which (626). The door has to be forcedopen, and what they find is the skeletal remains of a man whom they assumedis Homer. A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere uponthis room decked and furnished as for a bridal: upon the delicate array ofcrystal and the mans toilet things (627). In conclusion, describing the boarded up floor as being the bridalroom of when she courts Homer Barron, the man himself lies in the bed. Throughout Miss Emily life, her father controls her; but when he passesaway, her life seemed to be out of control. Miss Emily keeps herself in astate of dementia, foreshadowing the surprise ending. Work CitedFaulkner, William.A Rose for Emily.Literature for Composition. Ed. Sylvan Barnet et al. 6th ed. New York: Longman, 2003, 622-627.

Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion Essay Example Essay Example

Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion Essay Example Paper Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion Essay Introduction The intent of this essay is to look into the work and life of Jesus Christ while on Earth as portrayed by each of the Gospels. Though each of the Gospels presents a full image of the individual of Christ nevertheless, there is a differentiation between the four. Each of the authors nowadayss Jesus in his ain manner, in footings of audience, subject, and focal point. The Gospel of Matthew was[ 1 ]written around 50-60AD in Palestine, before the devastation of Jerusalem in 70AD ( Matt 4:5, 27:53 ) . Although the specific day of the month for the book of Mark is unsure, bookmans day of the month it to be written around 49s – 60s AD, and believed to be the first Gospel written. The Gospel of Luke was written between 60 – 65AD while the Gospel of John was dated about 90s. Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion Essay Body Paragraphs Matthew nowadayss[ 2 ]Jesus as Messiah. Mark presents Jesus as Servant of God, Luke presents Jesus as the Divine Saviour, and John nowadayss Jesus as the Son of God. Audience Matthew writes his Gospel to the Jews. He sought to convert the Jews that Jesus is the promised christ and male monarch, which was fulfilled through repeated prognostication in the Old Testament. Mark writes to the Roman audience, who were non[ 3 ]spiritual, neither philosopher like the Greek. Luke writes to a Grecian audience, who were really spiritual, philosophical, and great minds. His two actual classical books, book of Acts and Luke were written to Theophilus a high ranking Greek baronial adult male and other Gentile Christians ( LK 1:3, Acts 1:1 ) . The Gospel of John was written to all Christians. Background to the Gospel We will write a custom essay sample on Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion Luke Presents Jesus As The Divine Saviour Religion The book of Matthew was placed foremost as an debut to the New Testament because it bridge spread between the Old and New Testament. Written in Greek for Judaic trusters but the manner of authorship was Hebrew or Aramaic due to the manner Jesus life and ministry was narrated. Although the writer of the Gospel was non identified by name in scriptural text, but testimony by early[ 4 ]church male parents, Eusebius and Papias shows that Apostle Matthew wrote the book as an oculus informant to major events during the ministry of Jesus Christ on Earth. The Gospel of Mark was action parked fast traveling narrative written by John Mark an associate of Peter, comrade of Paul and Barnabas.[ 5 ]Harmonizing to Papias, Mark derived his content from his association with Peter, he was Peter translator and wrote as many things he can retrieve as Peter relate to him. He tailored his Gospel for his Romans hearers who are non spiritual, who have regard for authorization but love action. He portrayed Je sus as a miracle worker ; one who could command air current and storm, whom devils trembled at his sight and mend all mode of illnesss and diseases, but despite this power he humbled himself and gave his life as a ransom, learning that people who are genuinely great are servant, that anyone that wants to be great must be a servant first. The writer of the Gospel of[ 6 ]Luke was a doctor, sharp author, theologian and historian whose book was directed to the Grecian truster. The book of Luke is the first of its two books addressed to a adult male called Theophilus a gentile truster ( LK 1:3, Act 1:1 ) . He was a Gentile convert, the lone non Judaic writer of a bible book. Besides his medical cognition which he shows often when he used medical footings to depict illnesss for illustration a adult male enduring from edema ( LK 14:2 ) . The writer of the 4th Gospel was[ 7 ]John the boy of Zebedee one of the original 12 adherents of Jesus, he writes as the adherents whom Jesus loved ( Jn. 13: 23-24, 20: 2-9, 21:2-24 ) , therefore claims to be an oculus informant of Jesus ministry, and recorded much of Jesus ministry in Judea and Jerusalem. Purpose of the Canonical Gospels Matthew wrote to convert Judaic Christians that Jesus roots is from the line of descent of Abraham and posterities of David ( Matt 1:1-17 ) . Besides excessively assured the Jews that Jesus was the boy of God, awaited christ has foretold by the Old Testament prophesier ( Ish. 7:14 ) .[ 8 ]Matthew besides shows to the Jews that Christ came to set up a religious land non a political one, which will be followed by a physical land at the terminal of the age. The book of Matthew is non complete without his account on great committee ( Matt 28:19 ) . Marks writes to oppress[ 9 ]Romans Christian showing Jesus as the Son of God ( Mk 1:1 ) , a agony retainer of God, besides excessively bucked up Romans trusters to endure dependably for the Gospel as he placed before them the life, enduring, decease, and Resurrection of Jesus Christ their Lord and Jesus. Luke wrote to the[ 10 ]Grecian Christian and the most comprehensive of the synoptic Gospel, he provide full inside informations of all that J esus the human Jesus had done, learn until the twenty-four hours he was taken up to heaven ( LK 1:3-4 ) . He traced Jesus human family tree back to Adam ( LK 3:23-38 ) , non merely to Abraham as did Matthew ( Matt 1:1-17 ) . In Luke we see Jesus as godly Jesus ( Lk. 1:47, 2:11 ) who provides redemption for all work forces irrespective of their nationality. Johns intent was to uncover the[ 11 ]divinity of Jesus Christ that he is so the Son of God who in obeisance to the male parent took on the nature of adult male ( Jn. 1:1 ) , and those who believed in him receive ageless life ( John 20:31 ) . He wrote to rebut false instructions of the[ 12 ]Gnostics who goes about denying the humanity: ( the word became flesh, Jn. 1:14 ) and decease of Jesus Christ: ( Jesus decease and Resurrection, Jn. 19, 20:1-28 ) . Focus of the Gospels Levi[ 13 ]focal point on Jesus, the King of Israel who fulfilled Old Testament Torahs and messianic prognostication ( Ish. 7:13 ) , from construct ( Matt 1:22-23 ) , to his abode in Nazareth ( Matt 2:23 ) , his Galilean ministry ( Matt 4:14-chs 18 ) , instructions about the terminal clip ( eschatology ) , exultant entry into Jerusalem. He arranged Jesus instructions about the land into ; ethics-sermon on the saddle horse ( Matt 5:1-7:29 ) ; missional ( Matt 9:35-11:1 ) ; fables about the land ( Matt 13:1-52 ) ; discipleship ( Matt 18:1-35 ) and in conclusion on Olivet discourse about the terminal of the age ( Matt 23:1-25:46 ) . He portrayed Jesus as the promised King, who came to kick off land of Eden which is non political but religious. In a fast[ 14 ]tricky action, Mark focuses chiefly on Jesus mighty miracles, his authorization over illnesss and devils as marks that the land of Gods is at manus. He besides portrayed Jesus as Gods retainer. It was at Caesarea Philippi, Jesus indi viduality was to the full disclosed to his adherents as the Christ, and his anticipation about his decease and Resurrection ( Mk 8:31 ) which shows his Godhead precognition ; doing mentions to cost of discipleship ( Mk 8:34-38, 9:1-10 ) and in conclusion on Passion Week in ( Mk 11-16 ) . Luke is the most comprehensive of the synoptic Gospel, concentrating on Jesus line of descent from pre birth to Ascension, his[ 15 ]Galilean ministry in LK 4:14-9:50, concluding journey to Jerusalem in LK 9:51-19:27 and his last hebdomad called passion hebdomad in LK 19:28-24:53. The chief focal point of Luke is on Jesus instructions and fables during his ministry, showing cosmopolitan hope that Jesus came for both Jews and heathens, his accent on supplication, on the move and work of the Holy Spirit, get downing from the filling of John the Baptist from his female parent uterus ; to the miraculously birth of the boy of God ( LK 1:35 ) , to Jesus spirit baptism in ( LK 4:14 ) ; and vesture of adhere nts with power from on high ( LK 24:49 ) . John focuses much more on the discourses of Christ as Gods incarnate Son. The[ 16 ]book of John have two divisions the first division ( Jn. 1-12 ) , he explain with groundss Jesus embodiment with: seven marks ( miracles ) , seven instructions ( Jesus used to unwrap his individuality ) , and seven aa‚ ¬A†I amaa‚ ¬A? statements ( by which Jesus revealed figuratively what he is to human race ) with his bodily Resurrection as cogent evidence of his claim as Christ, the Son of God. The 2nd division John focuses on Jesus relationship with his adherents ( Jn. 13-21 ) , the ministry of the Holy Spirit ( Jn. 14-16 ) , the last supper ( Jn. 13 ) , Jesus concluding supplication for trusters ( Jn. 17 ) , eventually his decease and Resurrection ( Jn. 20-21 ) . Relation of the Gospels The four Gospel authors write to people of different background and demands. Each under the influence and the inspiration of the Holy Spirit write about the life and instruction of Jesus Christ harmonizing to audiences whom they were composing to. Other instruction was omitted intentionally, for illustration Mark references adult females non disassociating their hubbies to his Romans audience ( Mk 10 ; 12 ) , Matthew did non advert this since Judaic jurisprudence did non allow a adult female to disassociate her hubby. Matthew and Luke[ 17 ]write from Mark while John copied from no 1. Altogether Matthew, Mark and Luke record 83 events of the same history merely twenty four of this are[ 18 ]found in all the four Gospels, with forty- one accounts alone to Johns Gospel, 52 to Luke, Matthew with 20 aa‚ ¬ † seven alone histories, while Mark has two. John has no record of Jesus fables. Matthew recorded 18 fables of Jesus, Luke 19 while Mark has four. Decision Each of the Gospe ls authors presents the same Gospel under the leading of the Holy Spirit excessively meet specific need in the organic structure of Christ. I believe the focal point of each of the author matured the church of Christ over clip, maintain the church focal point in the right position.

Campuses Essay Example Human sexuality beliefs

Human sexuality beliefs Masturbation causes impotency: Masturbation or Hand-practice is an artificial way of gaining sexual pleasure. It is a voluntary act that does not necessitate the presence of a companion and is usually a solo practice. It is common not only in men but also in women. Many people believe that masturbation is an unsafe act in that it causes impotency – a state in which an individual is no longer able to maintain a healthy sexual relationship because of deteriorated sexual health as a result of masturbation. It may so happen because of a decrease in the testosterone level as a result of the long-practiced ejaculation of semen by hand. It is believed that besides causing impotency, masturbation serves to weaken the lower abdomen muscles and adversely affects the human nervous system. Besides, it is commonly held responsible for various health disorders like dizziness, lost vision and loss of memory as identified by (Ahmad, 2004). Because of the widespread belief that masturbation causes impotency, many men are af raid of the after effects of the practice and are highly concerned about their sexual health. Masturbation is an extremely common practice. Despite their will, many men can never get rid of it. They are addicted to masturbation. Often, boys indulge in this practice in their teenage and later develop into men who are not sure if they would be able to maintain a healthy sexual life after their marriage. This inculcates a feeling of guilt in the men and often causes stress and anxiety. Men hold themselves responsible for any sexual disorders they might encounter later in their life. Conclusion: Despite the widespread notions of masturbation as a harmful practice, opposite beliefs do exist. Some people are of the view that an orgasm in real sex causes a much pronounced loss of semen than what is ejaculated by hand in masturbation. In a healthy sexual life, a couple undergoes sexual intercourse far as often as an individual would masturbate. Thus, if masturbation can cause impotency, real sex is far more likely to result into impotency because of much pronounced and more frequent ejaculations. At times, masturbation is referred to as a safe alternative for illegal physical relationship between two individuals. It is argued in (www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au, 2010) that masturbation is a healthy expression of human sexuality. In the same article, it is mentioned that masturbation serves to reduce stress and develop a healthy and efficient immune system in those who practice it. It is believed that masturbation tends to reduce stress especially in unmarried women and is the only o ption for singles who do not want to indulge in an unjust physical relationship. Besides, a vast majority of medical specialists are of the opinion that masturbation would never lead to impotency provided that the body is given enough time to regain the lost energy between adjacent masturbations. They view it as a means of preventing unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. The old visualization of masturbation as a cause of impotency is outshined by new beliefs of masturbation as a healthy expression of human sexuality. References: Ahmad, S., â€Å"Masturbation†. 2004. Web. 26 May 2010. www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au. â€Å"Masturbation†. 2010. Web. 26 May 2010. Take Our Help Now Now is the time to act. Reach us on phone or chat and type, â€Å"do my assignment for me.† We’ll help you with the whole process. Tell us what you need.

Goverment essays

Goverment essays Government, the term applied to the institutions and processes, whether formally established or not, by which individuals and groups within a state or society are controlled and regulated for various purposes, such as common defense, general welfare, or internal peace. Thus government is an agency of the state that embraces the organizations and procedures by which laws are enacted, applied, and adjudicated. The major questions and controversies associated with government are not definitional. Rather, they relate to the origins of government, the best way of classifying the various types of government, and, among other things, the distribution of authority among the institutions of government. They also include questions more philosophical in nature, such as: Why is government necessary? How far should government authority extend over individuals or groups? What is the best form of gove3rnment? A discussion of these interrelated questions is the subject of this article. Virtually all political theorists have regarded government in some form as indispensable for society. The doctrine of anarchism, however, holds that government is unnecessary because individuals possess an instinct for mutual cooperation that obviates the need for any direction or control by government. Many anarchists also view government as an instrument designed to protect private property and perpetuate inequalities of wealth. This aspect of anarchist thought is echoed in Marxist theory, which holds that the state and government will "wither away" once the institution of private property is eliminated. Most students of politics subscribe to a much broader view of government's functions and purposes. In The Federalist, a collection of essays interpreting the U.S. Constitution and promoting its ratification, James Madison points to one of the more traditional and widely accepted reasons for government. The differing opinions, passions, and interests of individua...

Ivory Trail Analysis Essay Example

Ivory Trail Analysis Essay Example Ivory Trail Analysis Essay Ivory Trail Analysis Essay The front cover of The Ivory Trail, by Victor Kelleher, reveals quite a lot about what the novel is about. It also attracts the attention of the reader using color, images and text. The text reveals that the novel involves a long journey made by the protagonist. The main colors used are orange, red, and black. These colors suggest eeriness and mystery. The color red suggests anger and rage, which is possibly felt by the main character at some point in the novel. The four graphics on the cover are a sphinx, a pyramid, a temple and the close up of a man’s face. The sphinx and the pyramid immediately grasp hold of the reader’s attention because of the brightness and location of the images located right in the middle of the text. Also, these images show that the story is set in Egypt. The difference between the light and the dark gives a sense of mystery. The temples at the top of the page represent an Indian or Arabian culture. The man’s face at the bottom of the page looking up indicates a feeling of question and wonder. The text â€Å"Not all Journeys have an ending† adds more mystery to that the reader already acquires from the graphics. This phrase also leaves the reader wondering what it means. The reader can only assume that the journey that will be taken is not only going to be physical, but spiritual as well. The title â€Å"The Ivory Trail† immediately catches the reader’s eye against the black background. The word ‘Trail’ suggests a long and rough road that the protagonist must take on his Journey. The word ‘Ivory’ is related to elephants in Africa, and illegal trade of ivory. This also adds to the sense of mystery and abstruseness. In conclusion, the cover reveals a lot about the journey the main character is about to embark and the discoveries he is going to make.

Definition and Examples of Amphiboly in English

Definition and Examples of Amphiboly in English Amphiboly is a  fallacy  of relevance that relies on an ambiguous word or grammatical structure to confuse or mislead an audience. Adjective: amphibolous. Also known as  amphibology. More broadly, amphiboly may refer to a fallacy that results from a faulty sentence structure of any kind. Etymology From the Greek, irregular speech Pronunciation:  am-FIB-o-lee Examples and Observations [T]he 2003 election reform law demanded that politicians acknowledge in their own voices their responsibility for advertisements they run on public airwaves. But five years later, the I approved has become a pivotal device in commercials for Congress and the White House, a place for candidates to make a declaration of intent, summarize the message or take a parting shot. . . .A University of New Hampshire rhetoric professor, James Farrell, was irked as far back as the 2004 Democratic primary campaign, the first time the disclaimers were required. Then, as now, he said, advertisement writers were coming up with awkward non-sequiturs just to slip in something extra.Mr. Farrell noted a current commercial for Representative Don Cazayoux, Democrat of Louisiana, in which the candidate said, I’m Don Cazayoux and I approved this message because that’s who I’m fighting for. That, Mr. Farrell said, is an amphiboly, a logical confusion created by a grammatical ambiguity.Of course, if asked, the candidate will say he means he’s fighting for the middle class, said Mr. Farrell, of the spot’s theme. However, one could easily conclude that the disclaimer addition refers to the candidate himself, as in, I’m Don and that’s who I’m fighting for.(Steve Friess, Candidates ‘Approve’ Ads and Get a Bit Creative. The New York Times, Sep. 30, 2008) Humorous Amphibolies Amphiboly is usually so recognizable that it is rarely used in real-life situations to make a claim seem stronger than it is. Instead, it more often leads to humorous misunderstandings and confusions. Newspaper headlines are one common source of amphiboly. Here are a few examples: Prostitutes Appeal to Pope Farmer Bill Dies in House Dr. Ruth to Talk About Sex With Newspaper Editors Burglar  Gets Nine Months in Violin Case Juvenile  Court to Try Shooting Defendant Red Tape Holds Up New Bridge Marijuana Issues Sent to a Joint Committee Two Convicts Evade Noose: Jury Hung. . . . Most of these cases of amphiboly are the result of a poorly constructed sentence: I like chocolate cake better than you. Although we normally try to avoid them, intentional amphiboly may prove useful when we feel obligated to say something we would rather not have to say, yet want to avoid saying something that is patently not true. Here are lines from letters of recommendation: In my opinion, you will be very fortunate to get this person to work for you. I am pleased to say that this candidate is a former colleague of mine. From a professor on receiving a late paper from a student: I shall waste no time in reading this. (John Capps and Donald Capps, Youve Got To Be Kidding!: How Jokes Can Help You Think. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) Amphiboly in a Classified Ad Sometimes the amphiboly is more subtle. Take this newspaper classified ad that appears under Furnished Apartments for Rent: 3 rooms, river view, private phone, bath, kitchen, utilities included Your interest is aroused. But when you visit the apartment, there is neither a bathroom nor a kitchen. You challenge the landlord. He remarks that there are common bathroom and kitchen facilities at the end of the hall. But what about the private bath and kitchen that the ad mentioned? you query. What are you talking about? the landlord replies. The ad didnt say anything about a private bath or a private kitchen. All the ad said was private phone. The advertisement was amphibolous. One cannot tell from the printed words whether private modifies only phone or whether it also modifies bath and kitchen. (Robert J. Gula, Nonsense: Red Herrings, Straw Men and Sacred Cows: How We Abuse Logic in Our Everyday Language. Axios, 2007) Characteristics of Amphibolies To become a skilled perpetrator of amphibolies you must acquire a certain nonchalance toward punctuation, especially commas. You must learn to toss off lines such as I heard cathedral bells tripping through the alleyways, as if it mattered not a whit whether you or the bells were doing the tripping. You should acquire a vocabulary of nouns which can be verbs and a grammatical style which easily accommodates misplaced pronouns and confusions over subject and predicate. The astrology columns in popular newspapers provide excellent source material. (Madsen Pirie, How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic. Continuum, 2006) The Lighter Side of Amphiboly Some amphibolous sentences are not without their humorous aspects, as in posters urging us to Save Soap and Waste Paper, or when anthropology is defined as The science of man embracing woman. We should be mistaken if we inferred immodest dress on the woman described in a story: . . . loosely wrapped in a newspaper, she carried three dresses. Amphiboly is often exhibited by newspaper headings and brief items, as in The farmer blew out his brains after taking affectionate farewell of his family with a shotgun. (Richard E. Young, Alton L. Becker, and Kenneth L. Pike, Rhetoric: Discovery and Change. Harcourt, 1970)

Peter Berger's heretical imperative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Peter Berger's heretical imperative - Essay Example According to Berger, pluralism presents the crisis into which modernity has exposed religion (Woodhead Heelas & Martin, 2001). Berger focuses on modernity and its implications on religion. The contemporary society is characterized by plurality of institutions, consciousness and choices, which yield uncertainty. According to Berger, pluralism is â€Å"a situation in which there is competition in the institutional ordering of comprehensive meanings of everyday life† (Oldmeadow, 2010, p.33). Because of uncertainty, there are unsteady, inconsistent and erratic plausibility structures, particularly those of religion. Berger argues that religion becomes a matter of choice, which he best refers to as a â€Å"heretical imperative† (heresy). According to Peter Berger, there are three contemporary responses to the crisis that modernity thrusts religion into, which include deduction, reduction as well as induction. Berger denounces deduction, which entails the reaffirmation of inf luence of a sacred ritual against secular authority (Esposito, Fasching & Lewis, 2011). He also rejects reductionism, which reinterprets a sacred ritual on the basis of secular authority. In rejecting the two responses, Berger supports the third approach, which is induction. His belief is that the crisis facing religion is a product of the sterile antithesis of neo-orthodoxy and secularism (Woodhead Heelas & Martin, 2001). He believes that by shunning both deductive and reductive approaches and adopting inductive approach, the crisis can be triumphed. Berger explores the relationship between human religion and world-building. The society is presented as dialectic because it is considered as a human invention. Man cannot exist without society and without man, society cannot exist. This exhibits the dialectic nature of the society. Berger argues that pluralism undermines stable belief (Berger, 1979). Pluralism is the cause of secularisation. According to Berger, the basic dialectic pr ocess of society entails three steps. These include externalisation, objectivation as well as internalisation. The three moments are crucial for effective comprehension of empirical dimension society. Externalisation refers to â€Å"the ongoing outpouring of human being into the world, both in the physical and the mental activity of men† (Berger, 1979, p. 4). Objectivation refers to the achievement by the products of man’s activity of an authenticity that faces its initial makers. Internalisation on the other hand, refers to men’s manipulation of reality, in which they change the reality into structures of objective and subjective consciousness. Externalisation is a prerequisite for anthropology. It deals with the biological development of man, where he interacts with extra-organic surrounding of both physical human worlds. Human being must create his own world. As such, the world-building activity does not qualify as a biological superfluous occurrence, but a d irect product of man’s biological composure. Man creates his own world through biological means. This human world is characterized by uncertainty unlike animals’ world. Because humanly established structures tend to be unstable, man creates culture to ensure stable structure that cannot be attained biologically. However, culture needs to be progressively changed by man. The instability of cultural structures posses a significant challenge to man’

Market strector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market strector - Essay Example very difficult due to the strong hold of the said organization this type of market existence, in which the firm has the strongest hold over the industry, is called monopoly. (McConnell, Brue, 2006). There are two types of monopolies. Natural Monopoly exists when an organization possesses a strategic control over assets or production, operations and/or distribution systems pertaining its particular product or industry. (Brakman, Heijdra, 2004). For example, an organization providing the government with the nuclear power plant energy would have a natural monopoly since it is performing a task which is highly strategic in nature. On the other hand, Coercive Monopoly refers to any other type of monopoly that has been acquired deliberately. It includes erecting barriers for potential competitors to enter into the business, acquiring patents, mergers & acquisitions with the competitors to engulf competition, etc. (Brakman, Heijdra, 2004). Firms often tend to achieve monopoly through erecting barriers for potential competitors to enter the market. These barriers may be of three types. The â€Å"economic barriers† include economies of scale (largely reducing costs through mass, full scale production), large capital requirements, technological superiority and absence of close substitute products. The â€Å"legal barriers† refer to intellectual property rights including patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc. which provide an organization with a strong edge over the competitors. Firms may also indulge in â€Å"deliberate action† including lobbying the government and concerned parties, collusion, etc. to acquire monopoly. (McConnell, Brue, 2006). The barriers like high liquidation costs that make it difficult for a firm to leave a business may also keep them from entering it enhancing the monopolistic effect of the already existing firm in the market. (McConnell, Brue, 2006). Firms may acquire patents in order to secure their monopolistic presence. They may come up with any

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Epic of Gilgamesh - Essay Example Different phenomena of our world not only attracted their attention but needed explanations. Their views were at the stage of developing, the explanations were not definite and many things were still explained by the existence of different gods. It is clear from the legend that the main goal of these people was to kill somebody and to conquer some territory (Dalley 34). The role of a woman is also represented vaguely. The attitudes towards women in the legend are very different. We can see that the positive and respectful attitude is represented mostly towards goddesses. Ishtar is one of them, she was the goddess of richness, love, and battle. Ishtar is represented in a great number of myths and legends and in every myth she has a different mission. Ishtar is usually portrayed as a strong, egoistic and proud woman. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, she represented as an enemy of the main hero. She is very ambitious in the Epic of Gilgamesh and it is not possible to define if she is positive or negative heroin. The readers can be shocked by her cruelness when she decides to kill Gilgamesh after he rejects her. The main goal of this woman is to satisfy her ambitions. This testifies that the people of that time saw women as strong, cruel and ambitions creatures (Dalley 56). They gave these features to a goddess and that means that in their opinion such charact eristics should have belonged to ideal women. Ishtar is also very sensual; she can’t and is not going to overcome her feeling to Gilgamesh, she demands an immediate satisfaction of her passion: â€Å"Come, Gilgamesh, be my lover! Give me the taste of your body. Would that you were my husband, and I was your wife! Id order harnessed for you a chariot of lapis lazuli and gold, its wheels of gold and its horns of precious amber. You will drive storm demons--powerful mules! Enter our House, into the sweet scent of cedarwood† (Tablet 6, col. I).

Financial strength and developments of Lonmin Plc Essay

Financial strength and developments of Lonmin Plc - Essay Example Headquartered in Britain, Lonmin Plc’s selling is extended worldwide and the company’s flagship possessions is located in Marikana mine in South Africa. It has its effective operations in Canada and the group has total employees over 28,276 (Lonmin Plc Annual Report, 2014). The business also has joint ventures with Vakle and Walbridge. The company searches for PGM mineralization in Ontario and Northern Ireland project which is an initial stage exploration opportunity for the company (Lonmin Plc Annual Report, 2014). 1.3. Turnover of Lonmin Plc As indicated from Lonmin Plc’s annual report, the yearly turnover produced by the business in the year 2014 is observed to be 582.4 billion (Lonmin Plc Annual Report, 2014). The revenue of the company is observed to be decreasing over the past five years as the operating expense of the company is increasing. The platinum sales of the group accounted for 701,831 ounces and for PGM sales it was 1,383,945 ounces. Asset turnover of Lonmin Plc is found to be $4,384.5 Million which deceased over the past five years (Lonmin Plc Annual Report, 2014). The consensus forecast amongst 20 polled investments analysts who covers the company advised the investors to grip their position in the group. The forecasts of the analysts indicate that the company in the near future is expected to outperform the market. Lonmin Plc is listed in the London stock exchange and Johannesburg stock exchange and has been observed to major shares in the market.

Quality management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Quality management - Assignment Example The team proposed the company to create two collaborative teams, which were quality control and quality assurance teams, to work for ensuring the quality of the products. â€Å"Quality control is concerned with examining the product or service — the end result† (Madison, 2014). The main aim of a quality control team is to examine and verify the products to ensure that the products meet the quality standards set by the company. On the other hand, â€Å"Quality assurance verifies that any customer offering, regardless whether it is new or evolved, is produced and offered with the best possible materials, in the most comprehensive way and with the highest standards† (Kietzman 1). The quality assurance team examines the product manufacturing process to ensure excellence in each stage of the process by identifying the defects and taking necessary steps to remove those defects. The quality management team used the fish bone diagram to sort out the issues that the company might have been facing. Given below is the step by step use of fish bone diagram which helped the team get into the causes for the problems concerning the company. The managers made the team aware about the issues related to the company. The problems identified and communicated to the team were steady growth, less customer preference, decreased customer satisfaction, decreased graph of sales, and less profits. The team summed all problems under the category of ‘poor company performance’. The quality management team went through the process of identifying the causes and came out with three main reasons which included less focus on quality by employees, less awareness in employees regarding the use of quality management system, and lack of any proper quality management system in the company. The team provided the company with a solution that was supposed to

Advocating anti-genocide movement in Darfur Essay Example for Free

Advocating anti-genocide movement in Darfur Essay The United Nations defines genocide as â€Å"acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group. † In Darfur the Arab janjaweed militias have killed an estimated 100,000 non- Arab people, burned their villages, and sought to destroy their way of life. On September 9, 2004 U. S. Secretary of State Collin Powell told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that â€Å"genocide has been committed in Darfur and that the Government of Sudan and the [janjaweed] bear responsibility – and that genocide may still be occurring. (DiPiazza) People sometimes get the wrong idea of what genocide means. It is assumed that it is a hopeless case, impossible to stop for it is driven by millenniums of racial or ethnic conflicts. But looking back at history, genocide has mostly been created through calculated, intended decision by national leaders used as the most convenient way to solve a problem or to keep their power and destroy a person or group. And Darfur is not an exception to this. Mr. Bashir and Musa Hilal are not motivated by ancient hatred but of greed to power and influence. They are not extremists but rather coldblooded, amoral opportunists (Kristof). Drought, famine and civil war represent the interactive array of ecological, socio-economic, and political factors at play. Hundreds of thousands of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) were created from 2003 through 2005 (Arsdale). Competition over scarce resources – such as water and fertile land – had long challenged Darfur. The beginning of an oil industry in Durfur added to the tension. Claiming to represent non-Arab Africans in Darfur, rebel protested decades of government neglect. They demanded full economic, political, and social rights for Darfur. They also wanted oil wealth from the region to be shared equally. To combat the rebels, the government armed local Arab militias called janjaweeds. The Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) arose in response to grievances bring expressed by citizens of Darfur. The SLA’s founding manifesto included its vehement protests against the central government’s â€Å"policies of marginalization, racial discrimination, exclusion, exploitation, and divisiveness. The Janjaweeds, on the other hand, traced their origin with raiders and bandits of various types in Sudan for centuries. In recent decades, so-called Arab cattle raiders occasionally would sweep into a non-Arab village and abscond with a few head (Arsdale). Since 2003, the government of Sudan and its Janjaweed militias has executed a systematic campaign of mass murder, rape, and starvation against the black African tribes of Darfur. As of today, more than 500,000 Darfuris have died, and more than 2. 5 million have been driven from their homes. It goes without saying that other measures have to be undertaken simultaneously to reach a sustainable peace in Darfur. So, the international community should strongly support the Abuja talks between the Sudan government and the main insurgent groups to help them reach a peace agreement, which could be a foundation for equity and good governance in Darfur. And since the negotiation of a lasting peace in Darfur unfortunately could take months, if not years, humanitarian assistance should be provided. Democracy is a first step in the struggle against totalitarian forces that resort to inhuman practices to impose their whim on others, including ethnocide and genocide (Hoeven et al. ). It is important to create the conditions of security that will allow for a safe and voluntary return. A political solution reached in the Abuja talks is a priority to help bring peace to the region. At the same time, there is a strong sense in Darfur that an inclusive, credible and grass roots process of inter-communal dialogue is needed to re-establish peaceful inter-communal relations and re-weave the social fabric of the region. Specific measures to address property and land usage rights will be indispensable to achieve peace and restore relationships between nomadic herders and sedentary agriculturalist tribes (Hoeven et al. ). The African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) evolved as the African Union has authorized the incremental deployment of thousands of personnel to carry out its responsibilities in Darfur. The African Union Peace and Security Council provided AMIS II with the following specific mandate for its peace support efforts: (1) to monitor and observe compliance with the 2004 humanitarian cease-fire agreement; (2) to assist in the process of confidence building; and (3) to contribute to a secure environment for the delivery of humanitarian relief and, beyond that, the return of IDPs and refugees to their homes, and to contribute to the improvement of the security situation throughout Darfur (Darfur Crisis: Progress in Aid Peace Monitoring Threatened by Ongoing Violence and Operational Challenges). President Bush had made his statement regarding the issue at the Diplomatic Reception Room, White Palace: Americas commitment is clear. Since this conflict began we have provided more than $1. 7 billion in humanitarian and peacekeeping assistance for Darfur. We are the worlds largest single donor to the people of Darfur. Were working for the day when the families of this troubled region are allowed to return safely to their homes and rebuild their lives in peace. The people of Darfur are crying out for help, and they deserve it. I urge the United Nations Security Council, the African Union, and all members of the international community to reject any efforts to obstruct implementation of the agreements that would bring peace to Darfur and Sudan. I call on President Bashir to stop his obstruction, and to allow the peacekeepers in, and to end the campaign of violence that continues to target innocent men, women and children. And I promise this to the people of Darfur: The United States will not avert our eyes from a crisis that challenges the conscience of the world (Bush). Today, there are a lot of anti-genocide movements, recruiting thousands of people around the world advocating justice and human rights for the casualties and victims of this national turmoil. Politicians, Hollywood stars and even fellow citizens have been voicing out their concern and extending their help over the matter. Works Cited Arsdale, Peter W. Van. Forced to Flee: Human Rights and Human Wrongs in Refugee Homelands. Lexington Books, 2006. Bush, President George. President Bush Discusses Genocide in Darfur, Implements Sanctions 29 May 2007 The White House. 2 December 2007. http://www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2007/05/20070529. html Darfur Crisis: Progress in Aid Peace Monitoring Threatened by Ongoing Violence and Operational Challenges. Ed. United States Government Accountability Office: DIANE Publishing, 2006. DiPiazza, Francesca Davis. Sudan in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books, 2006. Hoeven, Agnes van Ardenne-van der, et al. Explaining Darfur: Four Lectures on the Ongoing Genocide. Amsterdam University Press, 2006. Kristof, Nick. Darfur: Driving up the Price of Blood. Coalition for Darfur, 2007.

Critical thinking | Analysis

Critical thinking | Analysis Critical thinking Nowadays, critical thinking is an interest, important and vital topic in whole modern educations. Modern Education meant that all education tailored to the needs of this age because Modern education is a tool used to learn how to survive in this era. Because of that, all educators are interested to teach their students to think critically. Many academic of departments hope that the teacher, lecturers, professors and instructors will be teaching an information about the strategies of critical thinking skills and identifying areas in persons as a great place to emphasize, to develop, to improve and to use some of the problems in the tests or exams that test their critical thinking skills. The purpose of this paper is to explain the definition, the way to master, the advantages, and all about critical thinking. Manuals of critical thinking and all information have been prepared and provided shortly and clearly so that the reader will have the time and opportunity to read and follow the advice that contained in this paper and help other peoples to achieve the goal of this paper. The explanations will be emphasized in student life. DEFINITION Ennis (in the Costa, 1985) introduced critical thinking as reflective thinking that is focused on making decisions about what is believed or done. Critical thinking actually is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective assessments based on well-supported reasons. This is the ability to find defects in the arguments and reject the claim that doesnt have supporting evidence. However, critical thinking isnt just same as negative thinking, it also encourages the ability to be creative and constructive to generate possible explanations for the findings, think about the implications, and apply new knowledge to the variety of social and personal problems. In truth critical thinking cannot completely separate from the creative thinking, because it is only when you question what is that you can begin to imagine what could. (Wade and Tavris, pp.4-5) The best meaning of critical thinking is as the ability of thinkers to take over their own thoughts. The specific purpose of teaching this critical thinking in science or in other discipline is to improve the skills of someones thinking for better prepared to succeed in the world.And then the critical thinker is someone who can use or even master critical thinking. They can think critically and creatively, to distinguish between facts and opinions, ask questions, make detailed observations, uncovering assumptions and define their terms, and make statements based on logic sound and solid evidence. The ideal critical thinker has a sense of great curiosity, Actual, his reason can be trusted, open minded, flexible, balanced in the evaluation, honest in facing personal prejudices, be careful in making decisions, willing to reconsider, the issue of transparency, smart in finding relevant information, reasonable in choosing the criteria, the focus in inquiry, and persistent in seeking discovery. In the form of simple, critical thinking is based on the values of the universal intellectual, namely: clarity, accur acy, precision (precision), consistency, relevance, the facts are reliable, for reasons good, deep, broad, and according to (Scriven and Paul, 2007). CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKER To find the people who have the ability of critical thinking, there are 27 characteristics of critical thinking developed by Ennis (in Costa, 1985), namely: (1) They are looking for a clear question and a question of theory;(2) they are looking for a reason; (3) they are trying to be an Actual; (4) they are using the resources that can be trusted and express; (5) they explain the entire situation; (6) they are trying to stay relevant with the main idea; (7) they are keeping the basic and original idea in the mind;(8) they are looking for an alternative; (9) they are open-minded; (10) they are taking a position (and change the position) when the evidence and possible reasons to do so; (11) they are searching for documents with precision; (12) they agreed in an orderly manner with the parts of the whole complex; (13) they are sensitive to the feelings, knowledge, and intelligence of others; (14) they ask relevant questions; (15) they may admit a lack of understanding or information; (16) they are curious; (17) they are interested in finding new solutions; (18) they can clearly; (19) they define a set of criteria for analyzing ideas; (20) t hey are willing to examine beliefs, assumptions, and opinions and consider them against the facts; (21) they are listening carefully to others and is; (9) they are able to provide feedback; (22) they see that Critical thinking is a lifelong process of self assessment; (23) they suspend judgments until all the facts have been gathered and considered; (24) they find evidence to support assumptions and beliefs; (25) they can adjust opinions when new facts are discovered; (26) they examined the problem closely; (27) they are able to reject information that is untrue or irrelevant.[1] In addition, there are 12 indicators of critical thinking skills that are divided into five major groups below: (1) Provides a simple explanation: a) focus on the question, b) analyze the arguments, c) asking and answering of an explanation or challenge; (2) build basic skills: d) to consider the credibility of the source, e) observed and considered a report of observations; (3)concluded: f) deduce and consider the results of deduction, g) induces and consider the results of induction, h) to make and determine the value of the consideration; (4) further explanation: i) define the term and consider the definition, j) identifying assumptions; (5) setting the strategy and tactics: k) determines the action, l) to interact with others. ASPECTS OF CRITICAL THINKING Critical thinking is a manner that can influence people. That influence is called Aspects of Critical thinking and that aspects are divided by the critical thinking process which has five phases. A full cycle of critical thinking, as described below, usually leads to another triggering event and another journey through the critical thinking process. New assumptions may be challenged, new information gathered and new approaches developed. As they pass through these phases, critical thinkers will engage the four components of critical thinking. At every point they identify and challenge old assumptions, analyze context, look for bias and seek alternatives. These phases lay as follow: Phase 1: Trigger Event. Most people are motivated to start thinking critically by some kind of external event or ideal. This is usually unexpected and causes some kind of inner discomfort or confusion. Trigger events can be both positive and negative. Phase 2: Appraisal. After the triggering event, an uncomfortable period of doubt may follow. This phase can involve an attempt to make light of a concern. Others may keep worrying through this stage, and decide they need to find another approach to dealing with the issue. Phase 3: Exploration. In this phase, people accept that they are moving toward some kind of change or transformation. They ask questions, develop options and make discoveries. They find out about other people who are dealing with similar things. They gather more information. Phase 4: Finding Alternatives. This phase can also be called the transition stage when old ideas are either left behind, or clarified, and new ways of thinking or acting are started. Decisions are made about how far change should go, and how fast. Phase 5: Integration. This phase involves finding ways to fit new ideas and information into everyday lives. In some cases this means making major changes. In other cases, it means confirming the old ideas. STAGES OF CRITICAL THINKER Critical thinking skill also has stages. These stages is a phase that Critical thinker will master the skills. There are 6 stages of Critical thinking laid out are as follows: Stage One: The Unreflective Thinker. Unreflective thinkers most are unaware of the role of determining that the thinking is to play in their lives and the many ways in thinking that the problems that caused the problem in their lives. Unreflective thinkers lack the ability to explicitly assess their thinking and improve it. Stage Two: The Challenged Thinker. Thinkers move to the â€Å"challenged† stage when they become initially aware of the determining role that thinking is playing in their lives, and of the fact that problems in their thinking are causing them serious and significant problems. Stage Three: The Beginning Thinker. Those who move to the beginning thinker stage are actively taking up the challenge to begin to take explicit command of their thinking across multiple domains of their lives. Thinkers at this stage recognize that they have basic problems in their thinking and make initial attempts to better understand how they can take charge of and improve it. Based on this initial understanding, beginning thinkers begin to modify some of their thinking, but have limited insight into deeper levels of the trouble inherent in their thinking. Most importantly, they lack a systematic plan for improving their thinking, they hence their efforts are hit and miss. Stage Four: The Practicing Thinker. Thinkers at this stage have a sense of the habits they need to develop to take charge of their thinking. They are not only recognizing that problems exist in their thinking, but they are also recognizing the need to attack these problems globally and systematically. Based on their sense of the need to practice regularly, they are actively analyzing their thinking in a number of domains. However, since practicing thinkers are only beginning to approach the improvement of their thinking in a systematic way, they still have limited insight into deeper levels of thought, and thus into deeper levels of the problems embedded in thinking. Principal Challenge is to begin to develop awareness of the need for systematic practice in thinking. Stage Five: The Advanced Thinker. Thinkers at this stage have now established good habits of thought which are â€Å"paying off.† Based on these habits, advanced thinkers not only actively analyze their thinking in all the significant domains of their lives, but also have significant insight into problems at deeper levels of thought. While advanced thinkers are able to think well across the important dimensions of their lives, they are not yet able to think at a consistently high level across all of these dimensions. Advanced thinkers have good general command over their egocentric nature. They continually strive to be fair-minded. Of course, they sometimes lapse into egocentrism and reason in a one-sided way. Stage Six: The Master Thinker. Master thinkers not only have systematically taken charge of their thinking, but are also continually monitoring, revising, and re-thinking strategies for continual improvement of their thinking. They have deeply internalized the basic skills of thought, so that critical thinking is, for them, both conscious and highly intuitive. As Piaget would put it, they regularly raise their thinking to the level of conscious realization. Through extensive experience and practice in engaging in self-assessment, master thinkers are not only actively analyzing their thinking in all the significant domains of their lives, but are also continually developing new insights into problems at deeper levels of thought. Master thinkers are deeply committed to fair-minded thinking, and have a high level of, but not perfect, control over their egocentric nature. TYPES OF CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS As explained before, critical thinking is a process of thinking about an idea or ideas in a methodical way and from a variety of angles. One method of thinking critically involves a series of questions to be applied to the idea under consideration. These questions can be broken down into three categories: (1) Questions which help us observe a text; (2) Questions which help us evaluate the text; (3) Questions which help us respond to and use (or apply) the text critically. First skill: Observation skills. Observation skills are the skill of someone to observe the case with given question. The question of observation can be divided into a two subcategories: (1) Those relating to the immediately sated assertion, reasoning, evidence, and conclusion; (2) Those relation to the derived meaning for the reader. Observational questioning includes the personal response of the reader since the reader constructs and in therefore part of the text. Here are some observation-based questions, those which help us identify the assertions, line of reasoning, and systematic explanations: 1. What are the meanings of the special terms in this text? 2. What is the point of the text, namely the authors conclusion (thesis)? 3. What evidence does the author give? 4. What is the actual path of reasoning offered? Second skill: Evaluation Skills. Evaluation Skills is evaluating the stated text in relation to the history of its ideas and imbedded beliefs and looking at contextual elements such as the method of gathering, evidence, the mode of presentation, the assumption behind the logic of the reasoning, and the events which led to the methods, presentational form, and assumptions. In other words, in evaluation questions, we historicize the stated text. Here are some examples of evaluation skill questions: 1. Are the meanings of the special terms ambiguous in any way? How so? 2. Does the evidence make sense? Why or why not? 3. Does evidence match the conclusions? If not, what might explain the mismatch? 4. Does the reasoning lead well from assertion through evidence to conclusion or are there gaps in the sequencing or ambiguity in the language? 5. What other conclusions might be drawn? 6. What other evidence might be brought to bear on the reasoning? 7. What other assertions might have been made? 8. Why might the author have left out evidence which changes the meaning of the text? Third skill: Critical Response and Application skills. To further reveal the mosaic of idea, evidence, and intention, the critical thinker will usually include him/her in some way part of the context, using a third set of questions. The following response/application questions lead to a critical understanding of the readers relationship to a text: 1. What is it about this text that interests me? 2. Did I agree or disagree strongly with the author any time during the course of reading the text? What is the precise language I disagree with? 3. Does the idea under consideration relate in any way to my own life or lives of people I know? How so? 4. Why I am interested in this text? 5. Is there something I might gain or lose by accepting the conclusion of the author? What is the gain or loss? 6. Do the values and beliefs of the author appear to match my own? If not, is this mismatch responsible for my judgment of the idea? The response/application questions, like evaluation questions, are â€Å"why† questions. They dig into the casual factors shaping ideas, evidence, methods, and presentational forms of thought. As such, they are the foundation of thoughtful critique and argumentation. HOW TO BE A GOOD CRITICAL THINKER Furthermore, the next topic is the way to be a good critical thinker. Here are the steps that can be followed by someone who wants to be critical thinkers. The questions related to each other following allows people to evaluate their own thoughts and ideas of others. If people use these questions with organized to assess their thoughts on various topics or evaluate ideas they find in articles, books, conversations and other places, they will come to the conclusion that an independent and credible. By using these questions on a regular basis, people learn to examine assumptions, facing prejudice, recognize different points of view, considering the meaning of the word, noting the implications of the conclusions and evaluate evidence.Each person can learn to think critically because the human brain is constantly trying to understand the experience. In continuing quest for meaning, the brain connects abstract ideas with real-world context.The following steps are presented in the form of a question. Because by answering questions, people involved in mental activities that they need to obtain a deep understanding. These questions are presented in the order thoroughly examine each problem, issue, project, or the decisions faced by the people especially the students in the face of learning in the classroom or personal experience.The steps of critical thinking are as follows: Ask questions; be willing to wonder. Always be on the lookout for questions that have not been answered in the textbooks, by the experts in the field or by the media. Be willing to ask whats wrong here? and/or Why is this way it is, and how did it come to be that way? Define the problem. An inadequate formulation of question can produce misleading or incomplete answers. Ask neutral questions that dont presuppose answers. Examine the evidence. Ask yourself, What evidence supports or refutes this argument and its opposition? Just because many people believe, including so-called experts, it doesnt make it so. Analyze assumptions and biases. All of us are subject to biases, beliefs that prevent us from being impartial. Evaluate the assumptions and biases that lie behind arguments, including your own. Avoid emotional reasoning: If I feel this way, it must be true. Passionate commitment to a view can motivate a person to think boldly without fear of what others will say, but when gut feelings replace clear thinking, the results can be disastrous. Dont oversimplify. Look beyond the obvious, rest easy generalizations, reject either/or thinking. Dont argue by anecdote. Consider other interpretations. Formulate hypotheses that offer reasonable explanations of characteristics, behavior, and events. Tolerate uncertainty. Sometimes the evidence merely allows us to draw tentative conclusions. Dont be afraid to say I dont know. Dont demand the answer. REQUIREMENTS TO BE A CRITICAL THINKER If there is a way, there is also a requirement. This matter also occurred in Critical thinking. These are 16 requirements to be Critical Thinker that must be fulfilled to reach the goal: (1) state and explain goals and purposes; (2) clarify the questions they need to answer and the problems they need to solve; (3) gather and organize information and data; (4) explicitly assess the meaning and significance of information you give them; (5) demonstrate that they understand concepts; (6) identify assumptions;( 7) consider implications and consequences; (8) examine things from more than one point of view; (9) state what they say clearly; (10) test and check for accuracy; (11) stick to questions, issues, or problems; and not wander in their thinking; (12) express themselves precisely and exactly; (13) deal with complexities in problems and issues; (14) consider the point of view of others (15) express their thinking logically; (16) Distinguish significant matters from insignificant ones.[2] APPLYING CRITICAL THINKING In peoples life there are many types of Critical thinking can be applied, but in this explanation will be focused just on two Applications. They are Application Critical thinking in Reading and American History. Apply to Reading (Critical Reading). One alternative to increase students critical thinking skills is to become familiar with critical reading. Habituation is not only done by teachers or Lecturers language (more specifically the faculty to read) but also by all teachers of all disciplines. Is not the modern learning process, in the field / discipline of any kind, theres always reading.There are equal parts between the activities of critical thinking with reading activities. Both require the brain works. The core activities of critical thinking are the use of reason in judging the truth of something. Similarly, reading activities, in which there is a process of reasoning to understand the meaning of written symbols. Thus, the process of learning and habituation to read is essentially a process of learning and habituation to think too. One type of reading activity in which obviously requires the ability to think critically is a critical reading. Critical Reading is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective assessments based on well-supported reason in the reading. These seven critical reading strategies can be learned readily and then applied not only to reading selections in a Literature class, but also to your other college reading. Mastering these strategies will help to handle difficult material with confidence. Annotating. Annotating is an important skill to employ if you want to read critically. Successful critical readers read with a pencil in their hand, making notes in the text as they read. Instead of reading passively, they create an active relationship with what they are reading by talking back to the text in its margins. And annotation is a key component of close reading. Since we will annotate texts all year, you need to develop a system Effective annotating is both economical and consistent. The techniques are almost limitless. Use any combination of the following: (1) Make a brief comments in the margins. Use any white space available inside cover, random blank pages; (2) make brief comments between or within lines of the text. Do not be afraid to mark within the text itself; (3) circle or put boxes, triangles, or clouds around words or phrases; (4) use abbreviations or symbols brackets, stars, exclamation points, question marks, numbers, etc; (5)Connect words, phrases, ideas, circles, boxes, etc. with lines or arrows; (6) underline (CAUTION: Use this method sparingly). Underline only a few words. Always combine with another method such as comment. Never underline an entire passage. Doing so takes too much time and loses effectiveness. If you wish to mark an entire paragraph or passage, draw a line down the margin or use brackets; (7) highlight See underline. You cannot write with a highlighter anyway; (8) create your own code. (9) Use post-it notes only if you have exhausted all available space (unlikely). Previewing. Previewing is learning about a text before really reading it. Previewing enables readers to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading it closely. This simple strategy includes seeing what you can learn from the headnotes or other introductory material, skimming to get an overview of the content and organization, and identifying the rhetorical situation. Previewing is especially useful for getting a general idea of heavy reading like long magazine or newspaper articles, business reports, and non-fiction books.It can give you as much as half the comprehension in as little as on tenth the time. For example, you should be able to preview eight or ten 100-page reports in an hour. After previewing, youll be able to decide which reports (or which parts of which reports) are worth a closer look.Heres how to preview: Read the entire first two paragraphs of whatever youve chosen. Next read only the first sentence of each successive paragraph. Then read the entire last two paragraphs.Previewing doesnt give you all the details. But it does keep you from spending time on things you dont really want-or need-to read.Notice that the previewing gives you a quick, overall view of long, unfamiliar material. For short, light reading, theres a better technique. Contextualizing. The contextualizing is the way to placing a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural contexts. When you read a text, you read it through the lens of your own experience. Your understanding of the words on the page and their significance is informed by what you have come to know and value from living in a particular time and place. But the texts you read were all written in the past, sometimes in a radically different time and place. To read critically, you need to contextualize, to recognize the differences between your contemporary values and attitudes and those represented in the text. Questioning. Questioning is about understanding and remembering by asking questions about the content. Questions are designed to help you understand a reading and respond to it more fully, and often this technique works. When you need to understand and use new information though it is most beneficial if you write the questions, as you read the text for the first time. With this strategy, you can write questions any time, but in difficult academic readings, you will understand the material better and remember it longer if you write a question for every paragraph or brief section. Each question should focus on a main idea, not on illustrations or details, and each should be expressed in your own words, not just copied from parts of the paragraph. Reflecting. It means that reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values by examining your personal responses. The reading that you do for this class might challenge your attitudes, your unconsciously held beliefs, or your positions on current issues. The steps are bellow: (1) As you read a text for the first time, mark an X in the margin at each point where you fell a personal challenge to your attitudes, beliefs, or status. (2) Make a brief note in the margin about what you feel or about what in the text created the challenge. (3) Now look again at the places you marked in the text where you felt personally challenged. (4) Then check the patterns that you see. Outlining and summarizing. Outlining and summarizing is identifying the main ideas and restating them in your own words. Outlining and summarizing are especially helpful strategies for understanding the content and structure of a reading selection. Whereas outlining reveals the basic structure of the text, summarizing synopsizes a selections main argument in brief. Outlining may be part of the annotating process, or it may be done separately (as it is in this class). The key to both outlining and summarizing is being able to distinguish between the main ideas and the supporting ideas and examples. The main ideas form the backbone, the strand that holds the various parts and pieces of the text together. Outlining the main ideas helps you to discover this structure. When you make an outline, dont use the texts exact words. Summarizing. Summarizing begins with outlining, but instead of merely listing the main ideas, a summary recomposes them to form a new text. Whereas outlining depends on a close analysis of each paragraph, summarizing also requires creative synthesis. Putting ideas together again in your own words and in a condensed form shows how reading critically can lead to deeper understanding of any text. Evaluating an argument. Evaluating an argument means testing the logic of a text as well as its credibility and emotional impact. All writers make assertions that want you to accept as true. As a critical reader, you should not accept anything on face value but to recognize every assertion as an argument that must be carefully evaluated. An argument has two essential parts: a claim and support. The claim asserts a conclusion an idea, an opinion, a judgment, or a point of view that the writer wants you to accept. The support includes reasons (shared beliefs, assumptions, and values) and evidence (facts, examples, statistics, and authorities) that give readers the basis for accepting the conclusion. When you assess an argument, you are concerned with the process of reasoning as well as its truthfulness (these are not the same thing). At the most basic level, in order for an argument to be acceptable, the support must be appropriate to the claim and the statements must be consistent w ith one another. Comparing and contrasting related readings. Comparing and contrasting related readings means Exploring likenesses and differences between texts to understand them better. Many of the authors on the subject of thinking critically approach the topic in different ways. Fitting a text into an ongoing dialectic helps increase understanding of why an author approached a particular issue or question in the way he or she did. Apply to American History. Being able to distinguish between a statement of fact, an opinion or an inference is an important skill to critical thinking. It involves knowing what can be proven directly, what is a legitimate implication derived from the facts, and what is fair to conclude from the historical record. Historians typically interweave statements of fact, inferences they derive from the facts, and statements of their own opinion into a seamless historical narrative. Critical thinkers must be able to distinguish among these three types of communication. (1) FACT: reports information that can be directly observed or can be verified or checked for accuracy. (2) OPINION: expresses an evaluation based on a personal judgment or belief which may or may not be verifiable. (3) INFERENCE: a logical conclusion or a legitimate implication based on factual information. Generally, facts are constants in historical study. But a compendium of facts is inevitably incomplete and deathly dull to read. Historians construct history by closing the gaps in their knowledge about the past, enlarge our under- standing, and enliven their narrative by drawing logical inferences from their assembled facts. Often, they then use their expertise to arrive at a considered judgment about the wisdom or significance of past decisions and events. ADVANTAGES BECOME CRITICAL THINKER Each good manner must have its advantages. If people have succeeded mastering Critical Thinker, he/she will get big advantages. Many advantages that they can get, ten of them is: (1) They will learn content at a deeper and more permanent level; (2) They will be are better able to explain and apply what they learn; (2) They will be better able to connect what they are learning in one class with what they are learning in other classes; (3) They will ask more and better questions in class; (4)They will understand the textbook better; (5) They will follow directions better; (6)of course, they will understand more of what you present in class; (7) They will write better; (8) They will apply more of what they are learning to their everyday life; (9)They will become more motivated learners in general; (10) They will become progressively easier to teach. Advantages in education Some research in education was indicated that critical thinking can prepare students to think in different disciplines, and can be used to fulfill the intellectual needs and development of potential students, because it can prepare students for careers in real lives (Liliasari, 1996; Adams, 2003). Furthermore, Chiras (1992, in Kurniati, 2001) explains that critical thinking that is learned in science class also affects the lives of students long after they leave their formal education by providing a tool where they can analyze a large number of issues they will face in their daily lives days. Unfortunately, the education system does not teach how to think. Education system more focused on delivering information rather than developing the ability to think. And yet the information into knowledge to analy